1. The human body - an orientation 1.5 - 1.6

Summarizing

1.5 Anatomical terms describe body directions, regions, and planes and 1.6 many internal organs lie in membrane-lined body

Acromial and brachial are in the upper limb.

Coxal and femoral refer to regions of the lower limb.

Perineal and sacral are on the posterior surface.

Inguinal is in the pelvic region while axillary refers to the armpit of the thoracic area.

Occipital refers to the back of the head.

Inferior is sometimes referred to as caudal, inferior, or caudal indicates a structure or location that is below another structure or location.

Anterior is sometimes referred to as ventral.

Posterior is sometimes referred to as dorsal.

Superficial is sometimes referred to as external.

The heart is medial to the lungs.

The terms distal and proximal refer to the distance from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

The heart is not inferior (below), posterior (behind), or superficial (external) to the lungs as the lungs wrap mostly around the heart.

The magnetic resonance image (MRI) shown is a sagittal section of the head.

For anatomical studies, the body is often cut or sectioned along a flat surface called a plane. The most frequently used body planes are sagittal, frontal and transverse planes which lie at right angles to one another.

A section is named for the plane along which it is cut. Thus, a cut along a sagittal plane produces a sagittal section.

A sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. 

- A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is the median plane or midsagittal plane.

Frontal planes like sagittal planes lie vertically.

- Frontal planes, however, divide the body into anterior and posterior parts.

A transverse or horizontal plane runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

appendix - 맹장, 충수	acromial -어깨	brachial - 팔의, 팔 모양의
coxal - 기절(둔부)의	femoral -넓적다리, 대퇴(골)	lower limb - 다리
perineal - 회음의	sacral - 천골	upper limb - 팔
inguinal - 사타구니(부분의)	axillary - 겨드랑이의	armpit - 겨드랑이
thoracic - 가슴(흉부)의	occipital - 후두부의	inferior - 아래의
caudal - 꼬리쪽(에 있는)	anterior - 신체 부위가 앞쪽인, 앞의	ventral - 배쪽의(복부의)
posterior - 뒤의, 뒤쪽의(엉덩이)	dorsal - 등의(등에 있는)	superficial - 피상(표면)적인
medial - 안쪽의 (내측의)	distal - 말단의, 먼쪽의	proximal - 근위의, 몸 중심부 쪽의
body trunk - 몸통	sagittal - 시상면	vertebra - 등꼴뼈, 척추골

Oblique sections are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.

A section that will allow you to look at the superior surface of the liver would be considered transverse.

The anatomical reference point is a standard body position called the anatomical position. In the anatomical position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart. This position is easy to remember because it resembles " standing at attention" except that the palms face forward and the thumbs point away (laterally) from the body.

Olecranal is appendicular.

The two fundamental divisions of our body are its axial and appendicular parts. The axial part, which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck and trunk.

The appendicular part consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis.

The pollex(thumb) is distal to farther from the point of arm attachment to the trunk) the antebrachial (forearm) region.

The calcaneal(heel) region is inferior to the tarsal(ankle) region.

The otic(ear) region is lateral.

The knee is distal to the thigh.

Directional terms are so important because they allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another. For example, we could describe the relationship between the ears and the nose by stating "The ears are located on each side of the head to the right and left of the nose" using anatomical terminology, this becomes "the ears are lateral to the nose".

Using anatomical terms saves words and is less ambiguous commonly used orientation and directional terms are defined and illustrated.

The abdominal regions that are directly lateral to the public(hypogastric) region are the right and left inguinal(iliac) regions.

Lateral to the epigastric region are the right and left hypochondriac regions. 

Lateral to the umbilical region is the right and left lateral(lumbar) regions.

pancreas - 췌장	aorta - 대동맥	spleen - 지라, 비장
a ruptured spleen - 비장 파열	subcutaneous fat - 피하 지방	delineate - (상세하게) 기술하다
iliac - 장골의	hypochondriac region - 갈비밑, 늑하부	olecranal - 팔꿈치
appendicular - 부속 부분의	appendages - 부속물	lumbar - 요추의
umbilical - 배꼽의, 배꼽 모양의	cadaver - 시체, 사체

The arms are lateral(on the outer side of) to the chest.

The breastbone is ventral to the spine.

The head is cranial to the abdomen.

Skeletal muscles are deep to the skin.

Inguinal is the more medically accurate term for groin.

Antebrachial refers to the forearm.

The back of the head is referred to as occipital.

Common usage refers to the arm as the region between the shoulder and wrist, proper medical usage refers to the arm as the region between the shoulder and elbow, or the brachial region.

The ventral body cavities, that include the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities have serous membrane the line the cavity walls and cover the surfaces of organs within the cavities.

The dorsal cavities, that include the cranial and vertebral cavities, contain organs surrounded by membranes called meninges.

The orbital cavities(house the eyes) and the synovial cavities(joints) do not belong to the dorsal or ventral cavities and are not lined with serous membranes.

Otic(ear) and cervical(neck) are in the axial region.

Crural(leg), olecranal(elbow) and hallux(toe) are appendicular.

The term digital pertains to both the pedal(foot) and manus(hand) regions.

Calcaneal refers to the heel while the tarsal refers to the ankle.

The most superior region is cephalic. Moving inferiorly, cervical would be the next region of those stated, followed by lumbar and sacral.

The term pollex refers to the thumb and digital refers to fingers.

Mental refers to the chin area.

Peroneal refers to the fibular region while perineal refers to the hip portion of the lower limb.

The pelvic region refers to the area below the abdominal region.

The thoracic cavity is separated from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle important in breathing.

The abdominopelvic cavity, as its name suggests, has two parts, however, these regions are not physically separated by muscular or membrane wall. Its superior portion, the abdominal cavity, contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs. 

The inferior part, the pelvic cavity, lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder some reproductive organs, and the rectum. 

The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not aligned with each other.

viscera - 내장	serous membrane - 장막	rectum - 직장
meninge - 뇌척수막	meningitis - 수막염, 뇌막염	groin  - 사타구니

The vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord.

The dorsal body cavity, which protects the fragile nervous system organs has two subdivisions.

The cranial cavity in the skull encases the brain.

The vertebral or spinal cavity which runs within the bony vertebral column encloses the delicate spinal cord.

The abdominal cavity contains the digestive viscera.

The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.

The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum.