1. The human body - an orientation 1.1-1.2

Summarizing

1.1 Form(anatomy) determines function(physiology) and 1.2 the body's organization ranges from atoms to the entire organism.

Endocrine system - contains the pituitary and thyroid glands.

Reproductive system - Produces the sperm and egg.

Muscular system - Muscle attached to the skeletal system.

- Consists of those muscles attached to the skeletal system called skeletal muscles.

- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression.

- Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Muscle of the heart is part of the cardiovascular system.

Smooth muscle of the esophagus is part of the digestive system.

Muscle of the bladder is part of the urinary system.

A muscle that causes "goosebumps" is part of the integumentary system.

Integumentary system - separates the body's internal environment from the external environment.

- Integument forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury.

- It also synthesizes vitamin D, and house cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Pituitary - 뇌하수체	Cutaneous - 피부의
Cutaneous tag - 쥐젖, skin tag.	Locomotion - 운동(능력)
Cardiovascular - 심혈관의, 심장 혈관의.	Esophagus - 식도
Bladder - 방광	Integumentary - 외피의, 피부의, 껍질의
Blood cells - 혈구	Nourish - 영양분을 공급하다, (감정, 생각등을) 키우다

Skeletal system - the body system that functions to produce blood cells.

- Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.

- Blood cells are formed within bones.

- Bones store minerals.

Cardiovascular system - transport blood cells.

Cells are the smallest units of living things.

All cells have some common functions but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body.

Reproductive system - male, female reproductive system.

- Male reproductive system - overall function is the production of offspring

- Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

- Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.

- The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of a fetus.

- Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Endocrine system - glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Clinician use surface anatomy in order to locate appropriate blood vessels for taking a pulse or for drawing blood.

Surface anatomy - is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Systemic anatomy - studies each of the organs within an organ system (heart and blood vessels for the cardiovascular system).

Regional anatomy - examines all of the structures (muscle, bone, blood vessels, nerves) that belong to a particular body region.

Pathological anatomy - deals with structural changes caused by diseases.

Increasing complexity levels is cellular, tissue, organ, organ system.

Chemical level - atoms combine to form molecules.

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Cellular level - cells are made up of molecules.

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Tissue level - tissues consists of similar types of cells.

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Organ level - organs are made up of different types of tissues.

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Organ system level - consists of different organs that work together closely.

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Organismal level - the human organism is made up of many organ systems.

Fetus - 태아 - Embryo	Fertilization - 수정, 수태
Implantation - 착상	Overlie - ~위에 가로

Histology - is a subdivision of microscopic anatomy and is the study of tissue.

Renal physiology - concerns kidney function and urine production.

Endocrine system - glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells.

- Contains the pituitary and thyroid glands.

Respiration system - keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. 

- The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Lymphatic system - picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.

- Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream.

- Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity.

- The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

- The lymphatic system defends the body from foreign substances.

Urinary system - eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.

- Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Nervous system - responds to internal and external stimuli.

Physiology is defined as the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Difference between and physiology

- While anatomy provides us with a static image of the body's architecture, physiology reveals the body's dynamic and animated workings.

- physiology often focuses on events at the cellular or molecular level.

- The body's abilities depend on those of its individual cells, and cells' abilities ultimately depend on the chemical reactions that go on within them.

- physiology also rests on principles of physics, which help to explain electrical blood pressure and the way muscles use bones to cause body movements among thing.